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Economic globalization is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Whereas globalization is a broad set of processes concerning multiple networks of economic, political and cultural interchange, contemporary economic globalization is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization, and by developments in science and technology. Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production and finance, markets and technology, organizational regimes and institutions, corporations and labour.〔James et al., vols. 1-4 (2007)〕 While economic globalization has been expanding since the emergence of trans-national trade, it has grown at an increased rate over the last 20–30 years under the framework of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization, which made countries gradually cut down trade barriers and open up their current accounts and capital accounts. This recent boom has been largely accounted by developed economies integrating with less developed economies, by means of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade barriers, and in many cases cross border immigration. While globalization has radically increased incomes and economic growth in developing countries and lowered consumer prices in developed countries, it also changes the power balance between developing and developed countries and has an impact on the culture of each affected country. And the shifting location of goods production has caused many jobs to cross borders, requiring some workers in developed countries to change careers. == History == International commodity markets, labor markets and capital markets make up the economy and define economic globalization. Beginning as early as 4000 BC, people were trading livestock, tools, and other items. In Sumer, an early civilization in Mesopotamia, a token system was one of the first forms of commodity money.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Lawrence )〕 Labor markets consist of workers, employers, wages, income, supply and demand. Labor markets have been around as long as commodity markets. The first labor markets provided workers to grow crops and tend livestock for later sale in local markets. Capital markets emerged in industries that required resources beyond those of an individual farmer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalmarkets.asp )〕 By the early 1900s, it was rare to come across a town that was not influenced by foreign markets—whether it be in labor, prices, or any other part of business. With advances in ship and rail transport and electronic communications, trade with other parts of the world became much easier. Towns were no longer limited to what they alone could produce and what nearby towns over could trade with them. These advances in economic globalization were disrupted by World War I. Most of the global economic powers constructed protectionist economic policies and introduced trade barriers that slowed trade growth to the point of stagnation. This caused a slowing of world-wide trade and even led to other countries introducing immigration caps.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Chris ) 〕 Globalization didn’t fully resume until the 1970s, when governments began to emphasize the benefits of trade. Today, follow-on advances in technology have led to the rapid expansion of global trade. Three suggested factors accelerated economic globalization: advancement of science and technology, market oriented economic reforms and contributions by multinational corporations. A reduction of transportation and communication costs were a key part of the growth of globalization. Since the 1930s, ocean shipping costs fell by half, airfreight by 85%, and telecommunications by 99%. The GATT/WTO framework led participating countries to reduce their tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. Governments shifted their economies from central planning to markets. These internal reforms allowed enterprises to adapt more quickly and exploit opportunities created by technology shifts. Multinational corporations reorganized production to take advantage of these opportunities. Labor-intensive production migrated to areas with lower labor costs, later followed by other functions as skill levels increased. The 1956 invention of containerized shipping, increases in ship sizes were a major part of the reduction in shipping costs. On October 27, 1986, the London Stock Exchange enacted newly degregulated rules that enabled global interconnection of markets, with an expectation of huge increases in market activity. This event came to be known as the Big Bang. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economic globalization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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